Which of the following is a type of racism that involves discriminatory policies and treatment by institutions?

Institutional racism refers to policies, practices, and procedures within institutions that create barriers and disadvantages for certain racial groups. This form of racism is embedded in the systems and structures of organizations and can manifest in various ways, such as discriminatory hiring practices, unequal education opportunities, and biased law enforcement protocols. The impact of institutional racism is often systemic, affecting the quality of life, economic status, and overall well-being of marginalized groups over time.

The emphasis on institutions highlights how these practices can perpetuate inequality even in the absence of overtly racist attitudes from individuals within those institutions. Because institutional racism operates at a collective level, it can be particularly insidious, as the policies may be disguised as neutral or intended for the greater good while inherently benefiting one group over another. Understanding institutional racism is crucial for identifying and addressing the underlying systems that contribute to racial inequality.